Useful For
Evaluating men with azoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, or otherwise unexplained male factor infertility
Genetics Test Information
Tests for the presence of microdeletions in the AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc regions of the Y chromosome.
Clinical Information
Yq microdeletions involving some or all of the azoospermic factor (AZF) region are the most frequently identified cause of spermatogenic failure in chromosomally normal men with nonobstructive azoospermia (3%-15%) or severe oligospermia (6%-10%). Among unselected infertile males, the overall frequency of Yq microdeletions is approximately 3%. The relative frequency of Yq microdeletions makes the evaluation for them an important aspect of the diagnostic work up in infertile males, especially those with azoospermia or severe oligospermia.
Most cases of Yq microdeletions occur de novo, and due to the consequential infertile phenotype, they are typically not transmitted. However, in cases where assisted reproductive technology (example: testicular sperm extraction followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is used to achieve viable pregnancy, all male offspring born to a microdeletion carrier will carry the deletion and may be infertile.
Men testing positive for 1 or more microdeletions who are enrolled in an in vitro fertilization treatment program may wish to consider alternative options to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (eg, donor sperm) and consultation with an experienced reproductive endocrinologist and medical geneticist is recommended.
Most Y microdeletions are the result of homologous recombination between repeated sequence blocks. Testing for deletions involves investigating for the presence or absence of markers located within nonpolymorphic regions of the AZF region.
Interpretation
An interpretive report will be provided.
Cautions
This assay will not detect all of the causes of infertility or azoospermia. Therefore, the absence of a detectable microdeletion does not rule out the presence of other genetic or nongenetic factors that may be the cause of clinical findings.
Test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings, family history, and other laboratory data. Errors in our interpretation of results may occur if information given is inaccurate or incomplete.
Rare polymorphisms exist that could lead to false-negative or false-positive results. If results obtained do not match the clinical findings, additional testing should be considered.
In rare cases, DNA alterations of undetermined significance may be identified.
A genetic consultation is recommended for all patients undergoing this testing. Additional consultation with a reproductive endocrinologist/urologist to discuss reproductive options is recommended when a deletion is detected.